2025 NECO AGRICULTURE: NECO Agriculture (Agric) 2026 Legit Questions and Answers (1565)

(1a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Agriculture is the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

OR

Agriculture is the science, art, and business of cultivating the land, producing crops, and raising animals for food, fiber, and other useful products.

(1bi) Unpredictable climate:

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Use of irrigation systems to reduce dependence on rainfall

(ii) Planting of drought-resistant and early-maturing crops

(iii) Training farmers on climate-smart agricultural practices

(iv) Providing accurate and timely weather forecasts

(v) Adoption of greenhouse and modern farming technologies

(vi) Encouraging afforestation and tree planting to protect the environment

(vii) Promoting mixed farming and crop rotation to reduce risk of total loss

(viii) Establishment of weather monitoring and early warning systems in farming zones

(ix) Government support for agricultural insurance schemes

(x) Investment in research and development for climate-resilient technologies

(xi) Use of mulching and conservation farming techniques

(1bii) Rural-urban migration:

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Provision of basic amenities like electricity, water, and healthcare in rural areas

(ii) Establishment of rural-based industries and 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' agro-processing centres

(iii) Offering agricultural loans and grants to rural farmers

(iv) Improving rural roads and transportation networks

(v) Creating educational and employment opportunities in rural communities

(vi) Promotion of mechanized farming to make agriculture attractive to youths

(vii) Providing land ownership rights and land reform policies for rural farmers

(viii) Setting up youth-in-agriculture programs and cooperatives

(ix) Establishment of rural technology and training centers

(x) Giving tax incentives and support to investors who develop rural areas

(xi) Building ICT and internet facilities to connect rural dwellers to modern services

(xii) Regular government sensitization on the benefits of rural development

(1c)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Read and follow the instructions on the chemical label carefully.

(ii) Wear protective clothing such as gloves, face masks, goggles, and boots.

(iii) Do not eat, drink, or smoke while spraying chemicals.

(iv) Spray during calm weather, preferably early in the morning or late evening to avoid wind drift.

(v) Avoid spraying near water sources like rivers, streams, or wells.

(vi) Keep children, animals, and other people away from the spraying area.

(vii) Wash hands and body thoroughly with soap after spraying.

(viii) Store chemicals safely away from food, water, and reach of children.

(ix) Clean 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' spraying equipment properly after use.

(x) Dispose of empty containers safely and according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.

(1d)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) It increases the speed and efficiency of farm operations.

(ii) It allows large-scale farming and cultivation of more land.

(iii) It reduces the need for manual labour.

(iv) It improves the accuracy of planting, harvesting, and other farm activities.

(v) It helps to reduce drudgery and physical stress on farmers.

(vi) It leads to higher crop yield and productivity.

(vii) It allows timely farm operations, especially during planting and harvesting seasons.

(viii) It encourages modern agricultural practices.

(ix) It enhances the quality and uniformity of farm products.

(x) It creates job opportunities in equipment repair and maintenance.

(2a) 

(PICK ANY THREE) 

(i) Communal land tenure system

(ii) Freehold land tenure system

(iii) Leasehold land tenure system

(iv) Inheritance land tenure system

(v) Gift land tenure system

(2b) 

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Provision of financial assistance through loans and subsidies

(ii) Establishment of agricultural programmes and policies

(iii) Provision of basic amenities in rural areas

(iv) Research and development through agricultural institutes

(v) Provision of extension services to educate farmers

(2c) 

(PICK ANY THREE) 

(i) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

(ii) Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN)

(iii) Nigerian Organic Agriculture Network (NOAN)

(iv) Food for All International of Nigeria

(v) Youth Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture

(2d) 

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Provision of affordable credit facilities for farmers

(ii) Establishment of farm machinery hiring centres

(iii) Training of personnel in machinery operation and maintenance

(iv) Local production of farm machinery and spare parts

(v) Formation of farmers’ cooperatives to share equipment

(2e) 

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) High cost of purchasing and maintaining machines

(ii) Unemployment due to reduced need for manual labour

(iii) Soil compaction 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' and destruction of soil structure

(iv) Air pollution from machine exhaust

(v) Incompatibility with small and fragmented land holdings

(vi) Limited use on uneven terrain and certain crop types

(3ai)

(PICK ANY ONE)

A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil, extending from the surface to the underlying bedrock, revealing the arrangement of different soil layers or horizons.

OR

Soil profile is the vertical section of soil that shows the different layers or horizons from the surface down to the bedrock.

(3aii)

(3b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Excessive use of acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate

(ii) Leaching of basic nutrients like calcium and magnesium by heavy rainfall

(iii) Decomposition of organic matter releasing organic acids

(iv) Continuous cropping without replenishing soil nutrients

(v) Acid rain caused by industrial pollution

(vi) Weathering of acidic parent rocks

(vii) Poor drainage leading to accumulation of acidic compounds

(3c)

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Broadcasting:

This involves spreading the fertilizer evenly over the surface of the soil either by hand or using a machine. It can be done before or after planting.

(ii) Side dressing:

Fertilizer is applied in bands beside the growing crops. It provides nutrients directly to the root zone and reduces wastage.

(iii) Ring method:

Fertilizer is applied 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' in a circular form around the base of each plant. It is commonly used for tree crops.

(iv) Top dressing:

This is the application of fertilizer to the surface of the soil after the crops have germinated. It is usually done with nitrogen fertilizers.

(v) Foliar application:

In this method, liquid fertilizer is sprayed directly on the leaves of the plants. The nutrients are absorbed through the leaf surface.

(vi) Drilling:

Fertilizer is placed in narrow holes or trenches near the seeds during planting. It ensures close contact between the roots and fertilizer.

(vii) Fertigation:

Fertilizer is dissolved in water and applied through an irrigation system. It is mostly used in modern farming systems like drip or sprinkler irrigation.

(4a)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Microorganisms decompose organic matter in the soil, helping to form humus.

(ii) Microorganisms fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil, thereby enriching it.

(iii) Microorganisms help in the weathering of rocks and minerals to form soil particles.

(iv) Microorganisms bind soil particles together, which aids in soil structure and stability.

(v) Microorganisms release enzymes and acids that enhance chemical reactions involved in soil formation.

(vi) Microorganisms contribute to the breakdown of plant roots and exudates, which improves soil texture and fertility.

(4bi)

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Magnesium is a central element in the chlorophyll molecule, which is essential for photosynthesis. Without magnesium, plants cannot manufacture food through the process of capturing sunlight.

(ii) Magnesium helps in the activation of many plant enzymes that are involved in energy transfer, protein formation, and the synthesis of nucleic acids.

(iii) Magnesium helps plants absorb and utilize phosphorus effectively, which is vital for root development and flowering.

(iv) Magnesium contributes to the formation of plant cell walls and helps maintain the structural integrity of plant tissues.

(4bii)

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Interveinal Chlorosis: This is yellowing 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' between the veins of older leaves while the veins remain green. 

(ii) Leaf Curling and Premature Shedding: Affected plants may also show curling of leaves and early leaf drop. This leads to reduced photosynthesis and poor plant growth.

(iii) Stunted Growth: When magnesium is lacking, photosynthesis is impaired, leading to reduced energy production and poor plant growth.

(iv) Weak Stems: Deficiency of magnesium weakens cell structure, causing stems to become fragile and easily broken.

(4ci)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Green manure refers to fast-growing plants, usually legumes or grasses, that are grown and then ploughed back into the soil while still green. They help to improve soil fertility by adding organic matter and nutrients, especially nitrogen, when they decompose. Green manure also helps in controlling weeds and preventing soil erosion.

OR

Green manure is a type of crop grown mainly to be incorporated into the soil while still fresh and green. It enriches the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients as it decomposes. Green manure crops, such as legumes, also fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, which improves soil fertility and promotes healthy plant growth.

(4cii)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Farmyard manure is a mixture of animal dung, urine, leftover feed, and bedding materials like straw that is collected from livestock pens or barns. 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' When decomposed, it is applied to farmland to improve soil fertility by supplying nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and by enhancing soil structure and moisture retention.

OR

Farmyard manure is an organic fertilizer made from the decomposed mixture of animal droppings, urine, and waste materials like straw or feed residues from farm animals. It adds essential nutrients to the soil, improves its texture, and increases its water-holding capacity, promoting better crop growth.

(4ciii)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Compost manure is an organic fertilizer made by the controlled decomposition of plant and animal wastes, such as kitchen scraps, crop residues, and animal dung. It is rich in nutrients and helps improve soil structure, fertility, and microbial activity, making it beneficial for healthy plant growth.

OR

Compost manure is a natural fertilizer produced from the decayed remains of organic materials like leaves, food waste, and animal droppings. Through decomposition, these materials break down into nutrient-rich humus that, when applied to soil, enhances its fertility, structure, and moisture retention.

(4d)

(i) Biotic components

(ii) Abiotic components

(5ai) Rainfall requirement:

Oil palm requires a high and well-distributed annual rainfall of about 1,500 to 2,500 mm. 

(5aii) Transplanting date:

Transplanting of oil palm seedlings from the nursery to the field is usually done at the onset of the rainy season, typically between March and April in most tropical regions.

(5aiii) Fertilizer requirement:

Oil palm requires balanced fertilization to grow well. Fertilizers such as NPK (e.g., 15:15:15) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄) are applied regularly. Application starts 3–6 months after transplanting and continues annually. 

(5aiv) Cultural practices:

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Weeding

(ii) Mulching

(iii) Pruning

(iv) Fertilization

(v) Pest and disease control 

(vi) Harvesting 

(5av) Diseases of oil palm:

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Bunch rot

(ii) Fusarium wilt

(iii) Crown disease

(iv) Bud rot

(v) Basal stem rot

(vi) Anthracnos

(5b)

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Direct seeding

(ii) Transplanting

(iii) Cuttings

(iv) Layering

(v) Grafting

(vi) Budding

(5c)

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Hand weeding

(ii) Hoeing

(iii) Mulching

(iv) Crop rotation

(v) Planting cover crops

(vi) Timely planting

(vii) Proper spacing of crops

(viii) Burning crop 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' residues

(6a)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) They reduce crop yield by feeding on leaves, stems, roots, and fruits.

(ii) They lower the quality and market value of harvested crops.

(iii) They increase the cost of production due to pest control measures.

(iv) They transmit plant diseases such as viruses and bacteria.

(v) They cause damage during storage, leading to post-harvest losses.

(vi) They discourage commercial farming due to high risk of losses.

(vii) They may lead to food shortages and higher prices.

(viii) They reduce the export value of agricultural produce.

(6b)

(i) Cassava mosaic:

(PICK ANY TWO)

– Mottling or mosaic (light and dark green) patterns on the leaves

– Leaf distortion and curling

– Stunted growth of the cassava plant

– Reduced tuber yield

(ii) Groundnut rosette:

(PICK ANY TWO)

– Yellowing and stunting of the plant

– Shortened internodes and bushy appearance

– Wrinkled or twisted leaves

– Poor or no pod formation

(iii) Root knot of okra:

(PICK ANY TWO)

– Swollen or knot-like galls on the roots

– Wilting of the plant during hot weather

– Stunted growth and poor fruiting

– Yellowing of leaves

(6c)

(i) Material for propagation:

Yam is propagated using setts

(ii) Soil requirement:

Yam grows best in 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' well-drained, fertile sandy loam or loamy soil that is rich in organic matter. The soil should be deep and loose to allow easy tuber development.

(iii) Land preparation:

The land is cleared, ploughed, and harrowed to loosen the soil. Heaps, ridges, or mounds are then made to plant the yam setts. Organic manure may be added to enrich the soil.

(iv) Planting date:

Planting is done at the beginning of the rainy season, usually between March and April in most yam-growing areas.

(v) Spacing:

Yam is planted at a spacing of about 1 meter by 1 meter (1 m × 1 m) or more, depending on the variety and size of the heap or ridge.

(vi)

(PICK ONLY ONE)

(i) Regular removal of weeds to reduce competition

(ii) Application of mulch to retain soil moisture

(iii) Staking of yam vines for proper growth

(iv) Application of fertilizers to improve yield

(v) Control of pests and diseases

(vi) Earthing-up to support tuber development

(7ai)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Reduced meat, milk, and egg production

(ii) Loss of income due to death of animals

(iii) Increased cost of veterinary care and medication

(iv) Reduced growth rate and poor feed conversion

(v) Low market value of sick or weak animals

(vi) Restriction on movement and sale of infected animals

(vii) Loss of investment in breeding and management

(viii) Reduced fertility and reproductive performance

(7aii)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Regular vaccination of animals

(ii) Proper sanitation and hygiene in animal housing

(iii) Quarantine of sick or newly introduced animals

(iv) Routine deworming and parasite control

(v) Provision of balanced and adequate nutrition

(vi) Regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment and pens

(vii) Avoiding overcrowding of animals

(viii) Prompt treatment of sick animals

(ix) Control of vectors such as ticks and flies

(x) Keeping proper health and medical records of animals

(7b)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Regular vaccination of animals against the disease

(ii) Quarantine and isolation of infected animals

(iii) Disinfection of animal pens, tools, and equipment

(iv) Restriction of animal movement during outbreaks

(v) Culling and proper disposal of severely infected animals

(vi) Avoiding contact between healthy and infected animals

(vii) 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' Maintaining good hygiene and biosecurity measures on the farm

(viii) Prompt reporting of outbreaks to veterinary authorities

(ix) Keeping newly purchased animals under observation before mixing them with others

(x) Providing proper nutrition to boost animals' immunity

(7c)

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Oestrogen

(ii) Progesterone

(iii) Testosterone

(iv) Oxytocin

(v) Prolactin

(8a) 

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Ruminants possess a four-chambered stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum), while non-ruminants have a single-chambered stomach.

(ii) Ruminants regurgitate and rechew their food (cud-chewing), whereas non-ruminants do not.

(iii) Ruminants mainly feed on fibrous plant materials such as grasses, while non-ruminants feed on less fibrous feeds like grains and concentrates.

(iv) Ruminants have microorganisms in their rumen that help in cellulose digestion, while non-ruminants lack this microbial fermentation system.

(8b) 

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) It transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.

(ii) It carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to cells and organs.

(iii) It removes carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from the body.

(iv) It helps in the regulation of body temperature.

(v) It plays a vital role in defending the body against diseases through white blood cells and antibodies.

(vi) It helps in blood clotting through the action of platelets and clotting factors.

(8c) 

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) High relative humidity may increase the risk of disease outbreak in poultry.

(ii) It can reduce the feed intake of birds, leading to lower egg production.

(iii) High humidity can affect the quality of eggshells, making them thinner or softer.

(iv) It may result in increased mortality due 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' to heat stress.

(v) It can lead to poor ventilation and damp litter, affecting bird comfort and productivity.

(8d) 

(PICK ANY ONE)

The term “fatten-up” refers to the process of feeding and managing cattle, especially steers and bulls, with the aim of increasing their body weight and fat content within a short period. This is done to prepare the animals for slaughter, improve meat quality, and ensure a better market price. The practice involves providing high-energy diets, good housing, health care, and minimal stress to promote rapid growth and flesh development.

OR

Fatten-up in cattle management refers to the deliberate process of increasing the body weight and fleshiness of cattle, particularly before they are sold or slaughtered. It involves feeding the animals with energy-rich and protein-balanced rations, ensuring good health care, and providing a stress-free environment. The goal is to enhance muscle development, increase fat deposition, and improve the overall market value and meat yield of the animals.

(8e) 

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) It stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in female animals.

(ii) It promotes the growth and development of the reproductive organs.

(iii) It helps regulate the estrous cycle and promotes heat signs.

(iv) It increases uterine sensitivity and readiness for fertilized egg implantation.

(v) It 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' stimulates the production of cervical mucus to aid sperm movement.

(9a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Agricultural insurance is a system where farmers pay a small amount of money (called a premium) to an insurance company in order to receive financial protection or compensation in case of loss or damage to their crops or livestock due to risks such as drought, flood, pests, diseases, fire, or theft.

OR

Agricultural insurance is a risk management arrangement that provides compensation to farmers for losses or damages to their farm produce, equipment, or animals caused by natural disasters, pests, diseases, or accidents. It helps to ensure stability in farm income and encourages agricultural investment

(9b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) It helps farmers sell their produce and earn income.

(ii) It links producers with consumers, processors, and exporters.

(iii) It encourages increased agricultural production.

(iv) It helps determine fair prices for farm produce.

(v) It reduces post-harvest losses through quick distribution.

(vi) It provides employment opportunities in transport, storage, and sales.

(vii) It promotes the growth of agro-based industries.

(viii) It helps in planning and decision-making for future production.

(ix) It allows farmers access to market information and trends.

(x) It contributes to national economic development through trade and export.

(9c)

(9d)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Group method is a way of passing new ideas or practices to farmers by addressing them in groups through meetings, demonstrations, or training sessions. It allows many farmers to learn at the same time.

OR

Group method involves teaching a number of farmers together through organized activities like field days, seminars, or workshops. It encourages interaction and collective learning.

(9e)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) To educate farmers on improved farming methods and practices

(ii) To increase agricultural productivity and income

(iii) To promote the adoption of new technologies and innovations

(iv) To improve the standard of living of rural farmers

(v) To link farmers with research, markets, and support services

(vi) To encourage wise use of natural resources and environmental conservation

(vii) To strengthen rural development through community participation

(viii) To assist farmers in solving problems related to agriculture and home management

(10a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Agricultural finance refers to the study and provision of financial services, credit facilities, and capital required for agricultural production and agribusiness activities. 

OR

Agricultural finance is the branch of agricultural economics that deals with the sourcing, allocation, and efficient management of funds and credit required for establishing, operating, expanding, and modernising farm and agro‑based enterprises.

(10b)

Given:

Cost price in 2010 = ₦200,000

Selling price in 2020 (Salvage value) = ₦60,000

Useful life = 2020 – 2010 = 10 years

Salvage value = estimate resale value of an asset at the end of its useful life.

(i) Salvage value = ₦60,000 

(ii) Total depreciation

= Cost price – Salvage value

= ₦200,000 – ₦60,000

= ₦140,000 

(iii) Annual depreciation

= Total depreciation / Useful life

= ₦140,000 / 10

= ₦14,000

(10c)

(10d)

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Small-scale farmers

(ii) Youths and school leavers

(iii) Women in agriculture

(iv) Cooperative societies

(v) Commercial 'copied from e x a m p l a z a s . c o m free' farmers

(10e)

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Farm visit

(ii) Home visit

(iii) Office visit

(iv) Method demonstration ( one- on- one)

(v) Telephone call